Saying the Thing which was not Consciously Constructed Confusion in Gullivers Travels - Literature Essay Samples

But the chief end I propose to my self in all my labors is to vex the worldJonathan Swift In most ironic works there are two voices. Ellen Winner and Howard Gardner explain that in irony, what the speaker says is intentionally at odds with the way the speaker knows the world to be (428). The use of the word ÂÅ'speaker twice in this sentence reveals a great deal about irony. One of the speakers that Winner and Gardner refer to is the actual voice speaking to the audience in the work. The other voice is usually the authors, and lurks behind the immediate text or voice, with a view counter to that of the first voice. In Jonathan Swifts short ironic work, A Modest Proposal there are two such voices at work. One voice is the naà ¯ve voice set in the text, a voice that recommends the slaughtering of children for social good. The other, contrasting, voice is Swifts own mature voice which sits behind the text and uses the naà ¯ve speaker to demonstrate the absurdity of the naà ¯ve s peakers own point.In Swifts work, Gullivers Travels, he makes it clear that he will use multiple voices before the work even begins. Swift inserted a letter supposedly written by Lemuel Gulliver, the narrator of the Travels, as a preface to the work. In this light passage the reader is made aware that a voice other than the authors will be used. The difference in meaning between the two voices is not known at this point, but in the rest of the work the contrast of these multiple voices is vital to the elucidation of the Swifts aim. In Gullivers Travels, as in other ironic works, there is a naà ¯ve first voice in the text, a voice that is, for the most part, manifested in Gulliver. But in book four the irony takes some odd turns that do away with the standard two-voice system of irony, such as that one seen in A Modest Proposal. There are a number of creatures presented, each with a drastically different style of living. The standard by which these creatures are judged shifts ove r the duration of the work, creating multiple voices of judgement. In Gullivers Travels it is clear that there is more than one voice, but it is unclear with which of the multiple voices Swifts sentiments lies, and thereby the stable opinion by which these creatures are being measured. This confusion forces the reader to examine the work for a stable voice. One possible stable solution for the mature ironic voice is Gulliver himself, as he is at the end of the book. At the beginning of book four Gulliver has just been thrown off of his ship, and has found himself in the land of Houyhnhnmskind creatures that resemble horses but posses the ability to speak and reason. Gulliver is taken care of by a Houyhnhnm master who is eager to learn of Gullivers land. At the beginning of book four, there is a blatant naivete and even absurdity to everything that Gulliver tells the Houyhnhnm master. When describing the many causes of war to the Houyhnhnm master, Gulliver explains that, Someti mes the Quarrel between two Princes is to decide which of them shall dispossess a Third of his Dominions, where neither of them pretend to any Right. Sometimes one Prince quarreleth with another, for fear the other should quarrel with him. Sometimes a War is entered upon, because the Enemy is too strong, and sometimes because he is too weak. Sometimes our Neighbors want the Things which we have, or have the Things which we want; and we both fight, till they take ours or give us theirs. It is very justifiable Cause of War to invade a Country after the People have been wasted by Famine, destroyed by Pestilence, or embroiled by Factions amongst themselves. (184-5)And so the short monologue continues, with the extremism and one-sidedness of the views ever escalating. Gulliver, though, never makes any reference to this one-sidedness. His ignorance of the weight of his words in the early part of book four marks him as a naà ¯ve conduit through which these harsh views can pass.Gulliv ers ignorance is underscored by his vocalized desire to give a completely unbiased account of man. Before delivering the harsh views above he tells the Houyhnhnm master, I shall here set down the Substance of what passed between us concerning my own Country, reducing it into Order as well as I can, without Regard to Time of other Circumstances, while I strictly adhere to Truth (184). This contradiction between tone and desire marks Gulliver as ignorant of his position.The one-sidedness that Gulliver does not recognize in his own words seems to be the mature voice of irony, Swifts own voice. If this is the case, Swift believes the horribly one-sided view of man that Gulliver is unknowingly delivering to be true. Gullivers naivete is an oblique voice through which Swift may deliver this scathing truth. This form of delivery seems reasonable because of Swifts disposition. As his autobiography tells us, Swift was no fiery revolutionary (Hunting 24), thereby assuring us that if Swi ft did posses these views of man, he would not want to angrily deliver them in a fiery diatribe. In addition, Swift would have known that no one would listen to the charges of a screaming extremist. By shielding his views in irony‹the naivete of Gulliver Swift, it seems, finds an effective way to somewhat softly deliver his harsh views. Such a harsh view of man would not be unusual for the time. Thomas Hobbes, a prominent philosopher who immediately preceded Swift, articulated similar beliefs. Hobbes, in his work Leviathan, describes the cause of war among men. He argues that, We find three principall causes of quarell. First, competition; Secondly, Diffidence; Thirdly, Glory (185). This view is quite similar to the view that Swift, in the guise of Gulliver, delivered. Hobbes goes on to say that, Force, and Fraud, are in warre the two Cardinall vertues. Justice, and Injustice are none of the Faculties either of the Body, nor Mind (188). For Hobbes, the only thing that provokes peace among men is their fear of death. In Gullivers Travels there are characters remarkably similar to this Hobbesian conception of man: the Yahoos are human-like creatures, but have no redeeming characteristics. Hobbes conclusion is that men naturally live in a brutish manner (187), remarkably similar to the Yahoos. As book IV progresses, however, Gulliver comes to see the perfection of the utopian Houyhnhnm society, and by contrasting this perfection with the version of humanity that he has been presenting, loses his naà ¯ve view of man. Among the Houyhnhnms, Gulliver objectively tells us, Friendship and Benevolence are the two principal virtues among the Houyhnhnms (202). These positive traits are all governed by reason. There is no possibility of grand evils like war, and lying, and killing in Houyhnhnm society. Not even petty strife such as Wranglings, Disputes, and Positiveness in false or dubious Propositions exist (202). At the same time that he sees the virt ues of the Houyhnhnms system Gulliver realizes the evil of manthe Hobbesian or Yahoo view of man; that view that it could be argued Swift has had since the beginning. As Gullivers naivete disappears, and he comes to see man as Yahoo, it seems that the irony in the work also disappears; Gulliver adopts the previously established mature voice and climbs out of the naivete of the first voice: When I thought of my family, my Friends, my Countrymen, or human Race in general, I considered them as they really were, Yahoos in Shape and Disposition (211). When Gulliver is forced by the Houyhnhnms to leave the their community and rejoin humans, including his wife and children, he complains that he would rather live on a solitary island than be with humans. Finally convinced that no such island exists, he resignedly mumbles, I complied at last, finding I could not do better (220). This maturation and subsequent loss of irony is not surprising because it comes at the end of the fourth book o f this four-book work. It seems reasonable that Gulliver would finally realize what he has been ignorant of (and hence what Swift has been cognizant of) throughout the work, thereby allowing for some closure to the work. In exchange for the irony, in these closing pages we find a character that seems to be Swifts moral lesson for us all. Swift seems to saying that we should all face up to the truth that we are Hobbesian creatures, as Gulliver did. In light of this perception of the story Gullivers desire for isolation upon returning home seems at first reasonable and even respectable. As John Gay relates to Swift, the Duchess Dowager of Marlborough proudly said that if she knew Gulliver, tho he had been the worst enemy she ever had, she would give up all her present acquaintance for his friendship (qtd. in Correspondence 183). In proudly displaying her sympathy for Gulliver the Duchess showed her own belief that her sympathy for Gulliver was also sympathy for a Swift who shared Gullivers Hobbesian view of man. And it is not only unscholarly Duchesses who hold this view. William Thackeray and George Orwell may not sympathize with the Duchess desire to embrace Gulliver, but they did agree with her interpretation of the tale. Thackeray argues that Swift, began to write his dreadful allegory‹of which the meaning is that man is utterly wicked, desperate, and imbecile, and his passions are so monstrous, and his boasted powers so mean, that he is and deserves to be the slave of brutes (37). Orwell expresses a similar interpretation in Politics vs Literature; We are to be told that the Yahoos are human beings . . . . Swift has overreached himself in his fury, and is shouting at his fellow creatures: ÂÅ'You are filthier than you are!' (255).But while Gulliver was shouting at his fellow creatures, Swift was doing nothing of the kind. Orwell, Thackeray, and the Duchess are all misguided in their interpretation that Swift agrees with Gullivers belief that me n are Hobbesian creatures. Swift does not believe that Gulliver willingness to completely forsake humanity is a just measure of humanitys worth because he does not believe that humans are the Hobbesian characters that Gulliver comes to believe they are. Swift remarked before the writing of Gullivers Travels, I tell you after all that I do not hate Mankind (Correspondence 118). The duchess, who thought she had found the mature voice of Swift, actually represents, herself, the naà ¯ve voice of this ironic story.Swift, himself, meticulously exposes the instability, and contradictory nature of Gullivers new Hobbesian belief. When Gulliver returns to society he is firmly entrenched in his view that man is Yahoo. His first reaction to the Portuguese sailors that are to save him is betwixt Fear and Hatred . . . When they began to talk, I thought I never heard or saw any thing so unnatural; for it appeared to me as monstrous as if a Dog or a Cow should speak in England, or a Yahoo in H ouyhnhnms-Land (217). But while Gulliver expresses nothing but contempt, the Portuguese sailors show nothing but benevolence and kindness, just that which the Houyhnhnms hold in highest esteem. Gulliver tells us that in their first words, after a brief questioning of Gulliver, They spoke to me with great Humanity, and said they were sure their Captain would carry me gratis to Lisbon (217). When Gulliver meets the captain he is forced to admit he was a very courteous and generous Person, even though Gulliver was ready to faint at the very Smell of him and his Men (218). Upon arrival in Lisbon this Captain offers Gulliver whatever he desires. The Captain persuaded me to accept a Suit of Cloaths newly made, (219) and also supplied Gulliver with food, and lodgings. In addition to all this material generosity the captain kindly and calmly accepts Gullivers absurd hatred of man, and places him in the furthest room in his house from the street. In the end the Captain gently forces Gu lliver to return to his home and wife. Upon leaving, the Captain lent me Twenty Pounds. He took kind Leave of me, and embraced me at parting; which I bore as well as I could (220). This last scene of the Captain warmly hugging Gulliver, while Gulliver shivers in disgust at the benevolence and kindness, captures the absurd distance that Gulliver holds himself from the kind people around him.It is strikingly apparent that this Portuguese Captain possesses no visible evil. The prudent reader finds himself annoyed at Gullivers dogmatic refusal to see in this man just those traits that the Houyhnhnms glorified. Through this striking contrast Swift represents just how offensive and extreme Gullivers new Hobbesian view of man is. By making Gullivers view look absurd in this way, Swift makes his own view on the issue perfectly clear: he denounces the truth of this Hobbesian view of man as Yahoo that he seemed to so strongly convey through Gulliver.Swift also makes Gullivers views look unjust by having him use superficial and unreasonable criteria to judge humans; criterion like their smell. When Gullivers wife welcomes him home Gulliver says, having not been used to the Touch of that odious Animal for so many Years, I fell in a Swoon for almost an Hour. . . . the very Smell of them was intolerable (220). The Houyhnhnm master had accused humans of being like Yahoos in many ways, but the one point on which he commended humans was on their cleanliness. The master had said that Gulliver must be a perfect Yahoo; but that I differed very much from the rest of my Species, in the Whiteness and the Smoothness of my Skin, my want of Hair on several Parts on my Body, (178) while later in the work the Houyhnhnm master complains sympathetically to Gulliver of the Yahoos and their their strange Disposition to Nastiness and Dirt; whereas there appears to be a natural Love of Cleanliness in all other Animals (198). Gulliver, therefore, finds in humans the one attribute that t he Houyhnhnm master did not criticize man for. By constructing Gulliver to hate man only through this completely absurd claim, Swift emphasizes the absurdity of Gullivers Hobbesian hatred of man.Sometimes making this turn of viewpoint involves Swift in some strained writing. For the sake of irony Swift wants to keep alive the belief that Gulliver hatred of humans is reasonable, but at the same time Swift needs this narrator, who supposedly hates humans, to convey the positive aspects of humanity that Swift knows exists in these and all men. The text shows this strain in such lines as this one describing what the Portuguese Captain provided Gulliver: At last I desired to eat out of my own Canoo; but he ordered me a Chicken and some excellent Wine, and then directed that I should be put to Bed in a very clean Cabbin (218). Gullivers complimentary description of each thing he was given is in sharp contrast to Gullivers feeling that the Captain forced each of these luxuries upon Gulli ver. Placing these contrasting descriptions directly adjacent to each other undermines Gulliver as a credible thinker on these points, and allows Swift to pull off this tough turn. By using strained sentences such as this one Swift is able to pull the turn off, but these points of strain are beacons that reveal the turn that Swift is making.But Gulliver left the Houyhnhnm land with two new beliefs. The first is his new Hobbesian view of man as Yahoo, of which Swift exposes the fallacy. His second belief, however, is a corresponding reverence for the Houyhnhnms life of reason. While Swift may not agree with the Hobbesian view of man, he could still believe in the Houyhnhnms system of life. And indeed, this hypothesis is supported by many aspects of Swifts portrayal of the Houyhnhnms. The Houyhnhnms have a system in which evil is completely absent. As these noble Houyhnhnms are endowed by Nature with a general Disposition to all Virtues, and have no Conceptions or Ideas of what i s evil in a rational Creature; so their grand Maxim is, to cultivate Reason, and to be wholly governed by it (202). This cultivation of reason leads the Houyhnhnms to hold friendship and benevolence as the two principal virtues.Holding reason in such high esteem and as natural, was, again, not unusual for Swifts time. Swift would have found support for this view in the Deist philosophers of the day. The Deists believed that some larger force controls everything, a force that ensures that everything is for the best. The exaggerated deist, Pangloss, in Voltaires Candide, succinctly summarizes this philosophy: It is demonstrated that things cannot be otherwise: for since everything was made for a purpose, everything is necessarily for the best purpose (18). This sentiment is exactly mirrored by the master Houyhnhnm who says that it is impossible to imagine that Nature, who worketh all things to Perfection, should suffer any Pains to breed in our Bodies (190). Swift could easily have created the Houyhnhnms in all their perfection to demonstrate his own belief in the deist philosophy. Orwell believes that he has done this: As his ideal being he chooses the horse (43). But, while man is not the evil that the Hobbesian would have us believe, Swift does not believe that man should emulate the Houyhnhnms. If Orwell had done a bit of homework, he would have seen that his view contradicts Swifts own beliefs. Swift according to John Robertsons especially detested the Deists, with their reliance on reason (Cooper 45). Accordingly Swift exposes the deficiencies of the Houyhnhnms, as he did with Gullivers deficiencies. In chapter nine the Houyhnhnm master has just returned from the Houyhnhnms congress, and tells Gulliver of the meeting. He recounts that, The Question to be debated was, Whether the Yahoos should be exterminated from the Face of the Earth (205). One side of the debate argued that the Yahoos should be exterminated, while the other side held that t he Houyhnhnms should merely attempt to control the Yahoos. This whole event stands in direct contradiction to Gullivers remark that, It was with extreme Difficulty that I could bring my Master to understand the Meaning of the Word Opinion, or how a Point could be disputable; because Reason taught us to affirm or deny only where we are certain (202). Gulliver had earlier said that the Houyhnhnms did not have opinions or debate, but this episode shows them in discourse that can be called nothing but debate. The Houyhnhnm master did preface his explanation of the debate between the Houyhnhnms by saying that, while this debate was an old debate, it was also the only one that had ever occurred. But if they had had this debate many times before, then the Houyhnhnm master would have surely known what debate and opinion was when he made his point to Gulliver. These two descriptions of the Houyhnhnms stand in direct contradiction, and are a hint that the optimism of the Houyhnhnms syst em is unwarranted. But it is no surprise that this is the only point ever to be debated among the Houyhnhnms since the Houyhnhnms conscientiously avoid any situation that could engender any opinion, or emotion. There is no possibility for love between two grown Houyhnhnms because mates are carefully chosen based on hair coloration, and disposition (203). (Swift showed his particular disdain for such a view in his journal, when he said no wise Man ever married from the Dictates of Reason (Thoughts 285)). Nor does love exist between a grown Houyhnhnms and a young Houyhnhnms. As Gulliver observes, They have no Fondness for their Colts or Foles; but the Care they take in educating them proceedeth entirely from the Dictates of Reason (202). The Houyhnhnms are able to cut contention out of their society only by completely avoiding any situation that could possibly be contentious or engender feeling. Swift, himself, mocks this scheme in an essay: the stoical scheme of supplying our wa nts by lopping off our desires is like cutting off our feet, when we want shoes (Scott 277). This is just what the Houyhnhnms do. They negate the possibility of any contentious issues by negating part of a full life‹by fencing their lives into a narrow area where contention will not occur.The Houyhnhnms are also exposed in chapter nine for their lack of benevolence. The Houyhnhnms are most proud of their benevolence, and yet, in all their august reason, they never seem to have pondered the meaning of benevolence. Is benevolence merely not harming those who do not harm you? If so, then the Houyhnhnms can make a claim to benevolence, as they peacefully coexist with all creatures but the Yahoos. However, the definition of benevolence must include some aspect of ruling others. The Houyhnhnms seem to have been given the task of ruling, or at least watching over the Yahoos. This task gives the Houyhnhnms their one opportunity to display their benevolence. What do they do with this opportunity? They debate whether they should exterminate their subjects. This scene does not fit well with Gullivers remark that the Houyhnhnms are endowed by Nature with a general Disposition to all Virtues, and have no Conceptions or Ideas of what is evil in a rational Creature. Swift sets up the Houyhnhnms so that the only areas to which they can make a claim to virtue are those areas where virtue is the path of least resistance. Swift then creates a few situations in which the Houyhnhnms would not have such an easy time maintaining their virtue. With each of these situations the flaws and deficiencies of the Houyhnhnms system show. In fact, chapter nine, where all of this exposition occurred is, from the viewpoint of plot, completely gratuitous. At no other point does Swift depart from the narrative of Gulliver and his conversations with the Houyhnhnm master. The inclusion of this chapter can only be seen as a sign that Swift was using it for his moral ends.And so bo th of these strong possibilities for the mature ironic voice are disposed of by Swift. Both views that Swift rejected were extreme views: the Hobbesian view was a belief in the pure evil of man, while the Deistic view was a belief in the pure virtue of reason. Such a rejection of extremism fits with the description that Samuel Johnson, Swifts contemporary gave of Swift. He remembered that Swift pays no court to the passions; he excites neither surprise nor admiration (66). But this is only his temperament, not his view of man. On man Swift wrote to Thomas Sheridan that You should think and deal with every Man as a Villain, without calling him so, or flying from him, or valuing him less. This is an old true lesson (Correspondence 94). In this quote Swift seems to be saying that man is not the good that the Deists envision. But he says, this does not mean that we should turn away from man because of his vices, as Gulliver did when possessed with the Hobbesian belief. In hindsi ght the writing in Gullivers Travels is in accordance with the view that he affirmed to Sheridan, yet this view is not affirmed in the Travels, it is only seen in the rejection of counter views.Swift did not use a medium that was suited for the affirmation of such a view. In fact irony is not designed for the affirmation of any view. As Winner and Gardner explain, in irony the speaker conveys a negative attitude toward something by professing to have a positive attitude (429). The resultant ÂÅ'negative attitude is conveyed by the mature voice of irony towards the naive voice. As is apparent from this explanation ironys intent is the conveyance of a negative attitude towards somethingnot an affirmation of something. Swift knew this, and used irony because his intent was not the affirmation of any idea. The affirmative idea he expressed in his letter to Sheridan makes sense in terms of Gullivers Travels, but this message is not apparent in the Travels. What is apparent in the Travels is Swifts continual creation and then destruction of believable hypothesis. Swift does away with each possibility by first building it to be as strong as possible before carefully dismantling it by exposing the contradictions and hypocrisy inherent in each view. Surprisingly, just this intent can be seen as Swifts conclusive mature ironic voice. In a letter to Alexander Pope, Swift forewarned that in Gullivers Travels the chief end I propose to myself in all my labors is to vex the world (Correspondence 102). In the very process that it took to reach this conclusion, it is quite apparent that Swift was successful in his attempt. References CitedCooper, Anthony Ashley. Characteristics of Men, Opinions, Times, ed. John Robertson. (Indianopolis: Bobs-Merrill, 1964).The Correspondence of Jonathan Swift Volume 3, ed. Harold Williams. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1963).Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan, ed. C.B. Macpherson. (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968).Hunting, Robert. Jonathan Swift. (New York: Twayne, 1967).Johnson, Samuel. Lives of the English Poets. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1905).Monk, Samuel Holt. The Pride of Lemuel Gulliver, Sewanee Review. 63 (1955) p48-71.Orwell, George. Politics vs. Literature [1946] in Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters Volume 2, ed. Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus. (Hammondsworth: Penguin, 1970).Swift, Jonathan. Gullivers Travels. (New York: Dover, 1996).Temple, Sir William. Five Miscellaneous Essays, ed. Samuel Holt Monk. (Ann Arbop: University of Michigan Press, 1963).Thackeray, William. Gullivers Travels: English Humorists of the Eighteenth Century. (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1853).Thoughts on Various Subjects, in Prose Works, ed. Temple Scott. (London: Bell, 1897-1908).Voltaire. Candide, trans. Lowell Bair. (New York: Bantam, 1959).Winner, Ellen and Howard Gardner. in Metaphor and Thought 2nd Edition, ed. Andrew Ortony. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993).

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The Fundamentals of Topics for Debate Essay Revealed

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Research Paper Topics for Your CareerAfter having seen the potential for making great, strong research paper points from the stuff you peruse and hear, how might you build up your own? It's anything but difficult to make a task. In the event that you have a few things that you think may be valuable, right now is an ideal opportunity to plunk down and begin chip away at making your own exploration paper topic.The first and most significant advance in making your own subject is to choose which point to deal with. You will need regardless thoughts that you believe are significant and would profit your vocation somehow or another. That way, you will be bound to concoct something that is all around inquired about and cleaned and important to your career.Once you have a thought of what theme you need to use for your examination, you can locate an expert site or a few locales that are accessible on the web. These destinations offer you a choice of research papers to browse. In the event tha t you need to be sure, you should peruse the data that each site needs to offer.Once you have chosen a specific research paper or arrangement of them, you should compose various sections for every one of them. Each passage ought to give some applicable data about the theme and an outline of the examination. You will likewise need to remember your contact data for the sections with the goal that you can catch up later on the off chance that you have an enthusiasm for the subject in the wake of perusing the examination paper.In the passages, you ought to disclose to the specialist requirements for the information that the person will gather. You ought to likewise list the method of reasoning or focuses that the analyst will be keen on when dealing with the research.Creating a positive research paper subject will take a great deal of research, however you will find that it will get simpler as you come. After you have invested some energy building up a potential theme, you should look o ver various ventures that are accessible. The key is to pick a venture that is fitting for your vocation and that additionally gives your options.There are numerous advantages to the web for scientists who are searching for some genuine research paper themes. You can be certain that you can discover explore subjects that suit your inclinations and that would make an incredible research paper. Before you know it, you will have discovered a solid, simple and successful approach to pick the correct research paper topic.Once you've chosen to begin on a venture, you will before long observe that it turns out to be very easy to create. The key is to begin and afterward gain ground as you come.

How to Avoid Collegeboard Sat Essay Samples Deception

<h1>How to Avoid Collegeboard Sat Essay Samples Deception</h1><p>A school board sat article tests trickiness is a sort of strategy that regularly happens when one is chipping away at a test. Since numerous understudies are curious about the way toward composing a paper, some will attempt to keep away from that and simply put it all on the line and the exposition tests trickery is one of the most widely recognized tactics.</p><p></p><p>Many understudies will cheat by composing a few articles and submitting them as one since they need to pass. This should be possible by duplicating another understudy's article and making adjustments, for example, changing the best possible references. The answer for this is to guarantee that you see how a school load up sat paper tests duplicity works and how to stay away from it.</p><p></p><p>The first stunt to abstain from cheating is to ensure that your schoolwork assignments are allo ted simultaneously and at a similar spot every week. In the event that you do this you will likewise observe that assignments are dispersed consistently with the goal that no two are doled out simultaneously. This can make it inconceivable for the individual who is attempting to get into their test to know precisely when the papers were due.</p><p></p><p>You ought to likewise record all the undeniable insights that they are taking a test. For instance, on the off chance that they are taking a shot at a school board sat exposition tests misdirection, at that point they most likely should get some rest or eat something. Most understudies are not permitted to leave their work areas to accomplish any work, so in the event that the individual who is deceiving sees them, at that point it is an indication to them that the task will be done.</p><p></p><p>Another stunt to abstain from cheating in article tests is to utilize the test legitimatel y when you are done composing your exposition. A decent test is the point at which an educator checks the exposition and imprints it up. This will possibly work in the event that they are checking the papers to check whether they are acceptable and not simply to watch that they are sending your article in.</p><p></p><p>The last stunt to ensure that you don't succumb to a school board sat exposition tests duplicity is to take a shot at composing the exposition before you start the test. On the off chance that you ensure that you know the material and expertise to compose a decent article, at that point you will be progressively arranged for the test. Additionally, on the off chance that you are given the article test during the test, it will be simpler for you to respond to inquiries regarding it.</p><p></p><p>The stunt of school board sat paper tests duplicity can be dodged by composing great papers. Despite the fact that the test mate rials may reveal to you that you don't need to take any training tests for the test, you should even now have the option to find solutions through the exposition. On the off chance that you put in the energy and exertion into composing a decent exposition, at that point you ought not succumb to a school board sat paper tests deception.</p>

Essay Topics For Writing A Creative Answer To Your Questions

Essay Topics For Writing A Creative Answer To Your QuestionsWriting an essay on adventures of Huckleberry Finn will be difficult, but not impossible. However, the task will require a certain degree of research and understanding, particularly if the author intends to become part of a later generation. The principal idea of this essay is to examine the history of that popular work, allowing for some historical relevance in today's world.It was published in 1857. An incident happened that day and Huckleberry Finn experienced something akin to an epiphany. It was while listening to his father tell a story about a slave named Bob Parr that Huckleberry Finn suddenly recognized the names and the struggles of the enslaved people who had been the background to the story he was telling. He left school and lived a life that would change the course of his life forever.According to a profile written by Benjamin Harrison, 'In his youth, Huckleberry Finn [would] work as a slave in Virginia... Huckl eberry was with his master almost all the time, until the elder Finn heard about the young man's heroism, and... went and made inquiries... the younger man soon was a distinguished member of the family.' Huckleberry would attend Harvard University. Although his parents were still alive, he had little contact with them. The only words that he heard from them were shouted when they heard his father pass away. During this time, Huckleberry's mother, Miss Ellen Finn, and sister, Harriet, began trying to persuade Huckleberry to join them in their lives.When Huckleberry told his mother he had no time to go back to school, she was worried. She wanted him to continue his education so he could become a lawyer. She knew that he would be a good one. She also thought that if he went to law school he would get a chance to help people. Huckleberry, who would later marry Harriet, felt that the suggestion of marrying Harriet was odd, but he eventually agreed.Huckleberry also began to receive letter s from Harriet. Harriet was to marry Tom Finn, a civil servant in the U.S. Army. Huckleberry didn't know this was going to happen until it was too late.In the meantime, Harriet wrote Huckleberry that she thought he looked good in his uniform. She couldn't wait to see him again. But there was something wrong. Huckleberry felt that he wasn't ready to have a child. After all, Harriet had three sons already.Harriet was delighted when her husband announced that they were having a baby boy. She was ecstatic. She wasn't sure about Huckleberry, though. He was scared to death of the baby, but when it was born, Harriet and Huckleberry spent hours talking about what it meant for them to be parents. Huckleberry and Harriet were the father and mother of a newborn boy.The rest of the family did not know about the birth of the child until months later. The reason the baby was born so early was that his father had purchased a good estate. Huckleberry Finn had become rich and famous as the result of his writing, not because of his parents. Nevertheless, his parents felt that the praise that Huckleberry received was enough.

Good Research Paper Topics

<h1>Good Research Paper Topics</h1><p>When I get my Research Paper Topics, I ensure that I read them over. In any case, when I am in a rush, it is difficult to recall all the subtleties. Thus, on the off chance that you resemble me, at that point you can clearly think that its difficult to expound on your topic.</p><p></p><p>You ought to be extremely cautious about the examination paper subjects that you decide for your paper. For instance, on the off chance that you are expounding on Search Engine Optimization (SEO), you should realize how to dodge the SEO expressions that could divert your perusers from what you are composing about.</p><p></p><p>In different words, your subject ought not be driven by your own motivation. It ought to be a reality based piece. Along these lines, be extremely certain that your point depends on realities and ought not be dependent upon your own opinions.</p><p></p><p >You ought to likewise be cautious in picking the article. You have to guarantee that the article you compose depends on realities and not assessment. Now and again, individuals will in general utilize their own suppositions when they compose an article. This makes the article more vulnerable when contrasted with facts.</p><p></p><p>You ought to consider that the greater part of the training articles and sports-themed articles that you read in the paper have solid sentiments. At the end of the day, these kinds of articles are distributed on the grounds that they are one-sided towards a portion of the themes that they are composing about.</p><p></p><p>It is significant for you to compose your article so that it would not be one-sided towards Search Engine Optimization or some other point. All things considered, what you are expounding on ought to be founded on realities. What's more, in the event that it isn't, at that point there is a decent possibility that the peruser will skirt your article and go for another person who has a superior article.</p><p></p><p>In request to maintain a strategic distance from the abovementioned, you ought to consistently be cognizant about your examination paper themes. On the off chance that you don't know about the various kinds of themes, at that point you ought to be careful about the sort of research paper subjects that you are composing about.</p><p></p><p>Once you do a little research, you will most likely think of some unique research paper themes that would best suit your requirements. Simply be cautious that your examination paper subjects don't can be categorized as one of the previously mentioned biases.</p>

What Are the Best Essay Examples With Author?

<h1>What Are the Best Essay Examples With Author?</h1><p>If you are wanting to compose an exposition for school or a college test, you should begin searching for article tests with writer. This sort of reference guide can assist you with bettering see how to compose your own paper and ensure that it is composed correctly.</p><p></p><p>First, you have to realize what this asset is. A writer asset is one that will give you a rundown of various writers to compose a paper for and the subject. You will likewise have the option to discover some example articles that you can use to compose your own exposition. The greater part of these assets contain this data in a simple to understand group with the goal that anybody can utilize it easily.</p><p></p><p>If you will compose an article, you ought to compose a ton of expositions, yet you have to realize how to compose your own paper. The most ideal approach to do this is to disc over an asset that has a rundown of various writers and the subject of your paper. A few instances of such assets include:</p><p></p><p>These assets will help you a ton to compose your paper as it is composed by various individuals and has various assessments. You can likewise get free examples of articles and other composition for nothing on the web. These locales have no cash associated with them and are totally free.</p><p></p><p>Essays ought to be composed by the style of the writer, however there is no set in stone with regards to the substance. You should attempt to make your paper interesting and unique so it has its own style and offer. You can even make your paper progressively close to home in the event that you need to add an individual touch to it.</p><p></p><p>It can be hard to compose your own exposition, yet in the event that you can discover an asset that has numerous instances of articles and ha s them in a simple to utilize position, you will have the option to compose better and quicker. This asset will likewise assist you with composing the most ideal exposition. On the off chance that you don't care for the styles utilized by the writers, you can just utilize the models and compose a superior article utilizing your own style.</p><p></p><p>You ought to pick the correct themes for your paper. The greater part of the paper tests that you discover online won't have a similar point. In any case, in the event that you can discover an article test that has a similar subject and composing style, you can utilize this asset to assist you with composing your paper also. Typically, these assets have a variety of themes that you can pick from.</p><p></p><p>You should realize what assets to search for when searching for article tests with writer. The majority of these assets will accompany various classes that you can look over. This wi ll assist you with choosing the points that are directly for your article and ensure that it is finished correctly.</p>

Topics in Writing an Essay

<h1>Topics in Writing an Essay</h1><p>Essay themes are the things that should be shrouded recorded as a hard copy an exposition. On the off chance that you don't get ready appropriately, you will think that its hard to compose a decent article that would fit in the particular theme you have arranged. This is the reason it is prudent to remember the themes and realities when you begin getting ready for the task. Not exclusively will this assist you with learning and comprehend the point, it will likewise empower you to introduce the subject well.</p><p></p><p>After everything is said and done, the time has come to compose your article. Be that as it may, how might you discover the suitable subject for your article? The most ideal approach to take a gander at the subject is by taking a gander at the book or perusing the chose article. The exposition may cover a few points, so you should recall the themes you need to make reference to in the art icle. You can likewise utilize the subjects recorded in the rear of the essay.</p><p></p><p>Although it is encouraged to begin composing the exposition before the beginning of the school year, you ought to consistently give the task some time. It is additionally imperative to recollect that in spite of the fact that articles are not required to be submitted during the finish of the school year, they despite everything should be finished by the cutoff time. Prior to beginning the task, ensure you see how much time you should function with. You can utilize other time-touchy assignments like task answers for help you in finishing the task on time.</p><p></p><p>Writing the paper isn't simply an issue of composing yet additionally of perusing and thinking. The exposition must originate from your heart and think profoundly. It should likewise have a solid point, which can oblige the topic you have arranged. Since the paper will be perused by numerous individuals, it is prudent to use however many various subjects as could be allowed so as to have various sentiments. Consider diverse data that may originate from the theme you have arranged. This will make the exposition fascinating to read.</p><p></p><p>You additionally need to consider what subject will most interest your perusers. These subjects ought to reflect who you are as an individual and a big motivator for you. Articles that have exceptionally broad subjects have no attraction.</p><p></p><p>You can discover a few points that are offered during exposition challenges and other composing rivalries. Before you start, you ought to be readied and in the event that you are not, the time has come to begin your examination. Via looking through the web, you can discover data about points that you can remember for your paper. Discover various discussions where individuals share their musings. By doing this, you will get eno ugh information and thoughts to create the topic.</p><p></p><p>Writing a paper isn't simple in any way. On the off chance that you don't be able to compose well, the main option is employ an author. He can carry out the responsibility for you by furnishing you with tips and counsel and giving you the proper language to compose your article. With the assistance of such a specialist, you can compose an article that will intrigue your perusers and land you a decent grade.</p>

Research Paper Topics - A Guide to Your Research Paper Topics

Research Paper Topics - A Guide to Your Research Paper TopicsWhat is slavery, how does it work and what is the link between human trafficking and other forms of work? For these are key questions that have emerged recently in the wake of the global labor crisis. We tend to think that only runaway factories and sweatshops are the causes of a global economy that is stuck in the Middle Ages.However, the free-market system that we use today is prone to political meddling that allows and encourages the capture of state powers by special interests. The connection between trafficking and slavery is particularly relevant in a society in which the idea of 'choice' is so easily abused. We can see this in schools, sports, entertainment, and elsewhere. When everyone has an equal opportunity to engage in any one of those activities at the expense of another, the effect is a level playing field.As long as the free-market system is functioning as it should, we should not expect people who violate th e law to suffer in silence. In addition, we have laws against child abuse, sexual abuse, slavery, and the exploitation of people. Unfortunately, these laws are not sufficient to prevent such violations. This is because human trafficking is essentially a 'hidden crime.'The free-market system cannot allow for any human being to be left behind because there are too many people already engaged in the sorts of labor that is exploited by others. Since the free-market system itself is based on voluntary exchange, there is little motivation for others to work against the interests of others. If there were less competition, the public would get lower prices, which would more than make up for whatever reduction in prices there may be due to freer access to labor. One would have to be a cynical individual to think that the free-market system would allow for any such change.We may look to different models to answer our research questions. Even in the United States, the federal government is res ponsible for protecting certain groups of people who are not covered by the laws against slavery. We have treaties with other countries that protect peoples and property. Another country could possibly enforce those obligations by conducting investigations against all U.S. persons engaged in labor violations abroad. In addition, we must work to ensure that traffickers will have a hard time escaping the law if they are caught.So far, we have identified a few research paper topics that focus on slavery. In fact, many people do not even think about this question. It is easier to ask whether some forms of human trafficking are legal or illegal and whether anyone should be prosecuted for doing so. But we should be focused on the underlying questions.Education is vital. How a young person learns is vital for his or her ability to go on to secure a good job, a decent living, and a satisfying life. Most people never really consider what their own education was like before they entered colle ge. Only students who became parents will appreciate the crucial role that a quality education played in shaping the lives of their children.

Samples of Dialogue Essay Reviews & Guide

Samples of Dialogue Essay Reviews & Guide The previous area of the paragraph functions as the transition in the next paragraph. Section b is known as continuous writing and you're given 5 choices to pick from. In the event your dialogues have a lot of paragraphs, utilize the quotation marks when you begin each paragraph and when you finish the last paragraph only. It's much better to compose the 1st thought, place a comma and a tag, then continue dialogues. A Secret Weapon for Samples of Dialogue Essay If you may take your essay and substitute the name of a single school for another, then you've failed to deal with essay prompt adequately. Introduction Body paragraphs Conclusion It is essential that students utilize academic sources to enhance their credibility. When choosing the correct college essay topics, students ought to be keen to focus on the key ideas they're attempting to pass in their essay. Many students wish to observe samples of the kinds of essays and pa pers they need to produce. Worry no more in the event that you don't understand how to compose an essay. The essay is regarded as the simplest kind of academic writing. At first glance, it may seem just fine. To be able to continue to keep your essay informative and engaging, you will want to source for factual information which not only impresses the reader but also teaches them something they might not have already known. Remember an essay writing service agency will always search for the most innovative methods to publicize the services it offers. Our online writing program is surely at an amazingly affordable course price it's absolutely free! Please review the several options you have when you decide to buy writing services from Best-Essays-Service. Our custom on-line essay companies give clients numerous options since they attempt to produce and submit academic writing assignments that will bring about successful course completion and excellent grades! Basically, the admissions folks wish to understand why their school is of specific interest to you. Girls empowered are a vital driver for sustainable improvement. Perhaps you wish to nail that scholarship. Therefore, many of the students will concentrate on ensuring they have the correct grades to enter a specific college. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Samples of Dialogue Essay Speech, also referred to as direct dialogue, may be an effective method of conveying a good deal of information quickly. You're able to use a dialogue to accelerate the pace of your essay if you believe the narration slows it down or you may use it like a break between the long and overwhelming paragraphs. Hence, each bit of dialogue has a precise calculated function. Other forms of essays often aim to produce a claim about something. Be aware you could only utilize dialogue in essays whenever the essays are narrative. If you are not certain about the way to use dialogue in your essay, keep reading. Employing a dialogue in an essay could just be the thing that may win you that scholarship. Do an analysis of the quote you desire to use and make certain that the impression which you're bringing out from the dialogue is connected to what the essay is referring to. The other thing you ought to learn is the way to quote dialogue from a play. It's fantastic to have reference in your work because it will assist the reader to comprehend the origin on your arguments and there'll not be any doubt particularly if it is a quote dialogue. Narration is telling a story from a specific viewpoint, and there is typically a reason behind the telling. The 30-Second Trick for Samples of Dialogue Essay Alternative medicine isn't new. You're concerned over the implications and long-term health impacts of the haze. To help in recovery from an illness, healthcare providers want to be conscious of and use patients' understanding of their illness whilst helping them to obey the treatment at the identical time (Dogan et al 2009).

Forbidden Love in The Great Gatsby - 1361 Words

Many people in the 1920s lived very extravagant lives. The time of the â€Å"Jazz Age† or the â€Å"Roaring 20s† where girls were flappers and the men were bootleggers. People loved to have fun and be carefree. However, alcohol dependence was becoming a problem and many started realizing that. Taking action to stop this was the hard part. Alcohol was corrupting the 1920s even though some did not recognize it. In the Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald displays the corruption during the 1902s through his main character, Jay Gatsby, and his illustration of prohibition. Prohibition was a long period of time in U.S. history that lasted nearly fourteen years. The manufacturing, transportation, and sale of liquor was made completely illegal. The period†¦show more content†¦The Act also said that owning anything designed to manufacture alcohol was completely illegal. It set specific fines and jail sentences for violating Prohibition (Rosenberg). Without the Volstead A ct the 18th Amendment would not have been set into place. The whole idea of both the Volstead Act and the 18th Amendment was to only keep people and the society safe. Unfortunately, however, there were loopholes for people to legally drink during Prohibition. The 18th Amendment technically said nothing about actually drinking the liquor. Many people used this to get out of trouble when being accused of breaking the 18th Amendment. Prohibition went into effect a full year after the 18th Amendment was ratified. This gave people a whole year to buy cases of then legal alcohol and stored them in places to use for personal reasons. This was actually a very smart thing to do. The Volstead Act also stated alcohol consumption was allowed if you had it prescribed to you by a doctor. A large number of new prescriptions were written for alcohol. The ways that people snuck around these laws just shows how much they really depended on alcohol back then (Rosenberg). For those people who did not b uy cases of alcohol or knew a good doctor there were illegal ways to drink during Prohibition. New â€Å"breeds† of gangsters came about during this period. These people realizedShow MoreRelatedComparing Marber And Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby1257 Words   |  6 PagesBoth Marber and Fitzgerald illustrate how forbidden love was enacted in their respective societies. The fundamental theme, which highlights relationships between individuals, can be connoted as ‘forbidden’ such as Daisy, Gatsby, Tom and Myrtle. Comparably, in ‘Closer’ the relationships of Alice, Dan, Larry and Anna. On the contrary, you could say that there is also an element of underlying homosexuality in both the book and the play as Nick idolises Gatsby because of his ‘sensitivity to the promisesRead MoreLove, Lust and Obsession in the Great Gatsby Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween love and lust. If love is only a will to possess, it is not love. 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However, when one delves deeper into the precepts of this book, one will easily see that it is full of symbolic language that represents a dis heartening, fatalisticRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1190 Words   |  5 PagesAt first glance, F. Scott Fitzgerald’s book The Great Gatsby is a simple love story that is eventually brought to a tragic end by a disillusioned man seeking vengeance. Additionally, one can easily see that this love story is intermingled with many interesting and ironic elements including prestige, wealth, vanity, and ultimately tragedy. However, when one delves deeper into the precepts of this book, one will easily see that it is full of symbolic language that represents a disheartening, fatalisticRead MoreLove In The Great Gatsby Analysis891 Words   |  4 Pages Love. â€Å"an intense feeling of deep affection.† Lust. very strong sexual desire. In the Story The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald Portrays multiple relationships as so called love. But is there any relationship in this novel that is true defined love? Tom and Daisy’s relationship is a rebound situation in many ways. When it comes to Gatsby and Daisy being an obsession, or finally with George and Myrtle a trapped marriage. Fitzgerald defines the underlying meaning of this book by showing us corruptRead MoreEssay about Corruption of the American Dream1127 Words   |  5 PagesDream The Great Gatsby is a novel based off of the American dream, which is something that everyone strives for. The author of the book F. Scott Fitzgerald has his own American dream to become a well known writer, and to have the girl of his dreams, and throughout the novel this dream reflected in The Great Gatsby within in the characters Gatsby and Daisy. Fitzgerald had developed the character Gatsby by incorporating some of his own dreams. For example Gatsby has a forbidden love for Daisy, butRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby1378 Words   |  6 Pagesnovel â€Å"The Great Gatsby.† This American Classic, written in 1925 takes place in New York during The Roaring 20’s. The novel revolves around this interesting character named Jay Gatsby. He is from North Dakota, and around 30 years old. Born poor, motivated him to do anything to acquire his longtime dream to become wealthy. Apart from that, he was also motivated to reacquire Daisy’s love. Gatsby ac quires his wealth by performing illegal activities to impress, and win Daisy back. The Great Gatsby is an exampleRead MoreSummer of Wealth, Dreams and Desires in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald720 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Gatsby a, novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald, follows a cast of characters abiding in the town of East and West Egg on affluent Long Island in the summer of 1922. Each of the characters, while part of the same story line, have different priorities and agendas, each character working towards achieving what they think would benefit them the most. As The Great Gatsby’s plot thickens the characters constantly show their discontent of the American Dream that they are livingRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1239 Words   |  5 PagesCoco Bai Ms. Dettmar English III 15 October 2015 Luhramann’s Film – A Great Adaptation of The Great Gatsby Through Nick’s narration in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, Gatsby’s possessive personality and his blind love for Daisy eventually lead to the failure of his American dream. When casting the movie of The Great Gatsby, Baz Luhramann may have changed some of the dialogue, but he does stay unflinchingly true to the spirit of the book and its morals, which I think is vastly more importantRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1018 Words   |  5 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, you witness the steady destruction of three individuals as they spend their lives pursuing the American dream. This dream has caused depression, adultery and even the death of the Great Gatsby himself. Jay Gatsby is easily the most apparent victim of the American dream. Gatsby was born into the lower class society and worked his way up the economic ladder with poverty trailing closely behind him. He fell in love with the lovely, Daisy Buchanan who

Strategic Leadership for Personal Computers and Media Devices

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Leadership for Personal Computers and Media Devices. Answer: Apple Company specializes in designing, manufacturing, and marketing of personal computers, media devices, and mobile communications. Furthermore, the company also designs portable music players, software, accessories, third-party digital solutions, and networking. Today, the company operates in US, Europe, Asian Pacific, Middle East, and Africa. Strengths Strong competitive advantage using Horizontal and vertical integration High average selling price (ASPs) Capability in RD Strong distribution channels Weaknesses Strong dependence on iPad and iPhone products Opportunity Expected future growth in smartphone market Robust growth in smart wearable products Increased uptake of Apple products in retailing Growth in Apple pay Threats Premium pricing likely to restrain growth Lawsuits and litigations Dynamic market Table 1: APPLE SWOT Analysis, source: Apple Inc SWOT Analysis, 2018 Use of robust value chain The company utilizes its value chain to create a strong distribution channels (Ketchen Short, 2011). Apple depends on primary activities and support activities to design and manufacture high quality products. Currently, the company executive chooses strategies by examining resources and capabilities. Apple Inc. relies on value chain to chat its path of designing and manufacturing products and selling products to customers (Apple Inc SWOT Analysis, 2018). Today, Apple depends on its strong and extensive distribution channels. The company uses direct and indirect distribution channels in order to reach customers, retailers, government markets, and enterprises (Apple Inc SWOT Analysis, 2018). Apart from the direct strategies, the company strategy involves using indirect distribution channels to sell through value-added resellers, third-party cellular network carriers, retailers, and wholesalers. Use of Strategic resources Resource-based theory maintains that companies rely on strategic resources to utilize opportunities of developing sustainable competitive advantage (Ketchen Short, 2011). Currently, Apple has strategic resources that act as assets. Most importantly, the company has strategic resources that are nonsubstitutable, difficult to imitate, rate, and valuable (Johnson, Scholes Whittington, 2008). For example, for several years now, Apple has used horizontal and vertical integration to become a major competitor in computer industry. The company has multiple devices that offer horizontal integration. The company operating system cuts across different devices, applications, and contents. Customers cannot switch to other competitors because of dependence on its operating system. Apple leverages its strategy on a unique ability to design and develop own operating systems, services, software applications, and hardware. According to Birshan, Kar Parry (2012), other competitors find it difficult to imitate the company model of vertical integration. For instance, the company customizes in-house chip design, a complex and integrated hardware, software, as well as applications as a way of creating value-adding products. Use of Resources to capability Apple has tangible resources in terms of properties, equipment, and cash. Furthermore, it has strong intangible resources such as intellectual property, knowledge and skills of employees, and strong reputation. Currently, the company relies on resources to make capabilities provide excellent products (Armitage, 2015). Capabilities form part of what Apple does to capture value offered by resources. Apple commits much of its resources and attention towards developing products that meet customer needs (Apple Inc SWOT Analysis, 2018). The company has an ability to continue offering high valued products. Leaders employ skilled employees to create new technologies to strengthen already existing products. The company has successfully achieved all these through acquisition of third-party technology, licensing of its intellectual property, as well as investing heavily in RD. References Apple Inc SWOT Analysis. (2018). Apple Inc SWOT Analysis, 1-9. Retrieved from https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=bthAN=128387934site=ehost-live Armitage, J. (2015). Strategic Insights. Marketing Insights, 27(1), 22-23. Birshan, M., Kar, J., Parry, E. (2012). Becoming strategic: Three tips for any executive. Mckinsey Quarterly, (3), 60-66. Johnson, G, Scholes, K, Whittington, R. (2008). Exploring corporate strategy, (8th ed). Prentice Hall Ketchen, D., Short, J. (2011). Mastering strategic Management. Retrieved from ttps://www.saylor.org/site/textbooks/Mastering%20Strategic%20Management.pdf